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explain the relationship between the structure and function of objects, organisms, and systems; and

explain how factors or conditions impact stability and change in objects, organisms, and systems.

classify and describe matter using observable physical properties, including temperature, mass, magnetism, relative density (the ability to sink or float in water), and physical state (solid, liquid, gas);

investigate and compare a variety of mixtures, including solutions that are composed of liquids in liquids and solids in liquids; and

demonstrate that matter is conserved when mixtures such as soil and water or oil and water are formed.

The student is expected to plan and conduct descriptive investigations to explore the patterns of forces such as gravity, friction, or magnetism in contact or at a distance on an object.

investigate and identify the transfer of energy by objects in motion, waves in water, and sound;

identify conductors and insulators of thermal and electrical energy; and

demonstrate and describe how electrical energy travels in a closed path that can produce light and thermal energy.

collect and analyze data to identify sequences and predict patterns of change in seasons such as change in temperature and length of daylight; and

collect and analyze data to identify sequences and predict patterns of change in the observable appearance of the Moon from Earth.

describe and illustrate the continuous movement of water above and on the surface of Earth through the water cycle and explain the role of the Sun as a major source of energy in this process;

model and describe slow changes to Earth's surface caused by weathering, erosion, and deposition from water, wind, and ice; and

differentiate between weather and climate.

identify and explain advantages and disadvantages of using Earth's renewable and nonrenewable natural resources such as wind, water, sunlight, plants, animals, coal, oil, and natural gas;

explain the critical role of energy resources to modern life and how conservation, disposal, and recycling of natural resources impact the environment; and

determine the physical properties of rocks that allow Earth's natural resources to be stored there.

investigate and explain how most producers can make their own food using sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide through the cycling of matter;

describe the cycling of matter and flow of energy through food webs, including the roles of the Sun, producers, consumers, and decomposers; and

identify and describe past environments based on fossil evidence, including common Texas fossils.

explore and explain how structures and functions of plants such as waxy leaves and deep roots enable them to survive in their environment; and

differentiate between inherited and acquired physical traits of organisms.

ask questions and define problems based on observations or information from text, phenomena, models, or investigations;

use scientific practices to plan and conduct descriptive and simple experimental investigations and use engineering practices to design solutions to problems;

demonstrate safe practices and the use of safety equipment during classroom and field investigations as outlined in Texas Education Agency-approved safety standards;

use tools, including calculators, microscopes, hand lenses, metric rulers, Celsius thermometers, prisms, concave and convex lenses, laser pointers, mirrors, digital scales, balances, spring scales, graduated cylinders, beakers, hot plates, meter sticks, magnets, collecting nets, notebooks, timing devices, materials for building circuits, materials to support observations of habitats or organisms such as terrariums and aquariums, and materials to support digital data collection such as computers, tablets, and cameras to observe, measure, test, and analyze information;

collect observations and measurements as evidence;

construct appropriate graphic organizers used to collect data, including tables, bar graphs, line graphs, tree maps, concept maps, Venn diagrams, flow charts or sequence maps, and input-output tables that show cause and effect; and

develop and use models to represent phenomena, objects, and processes or design a prototype for a solution to a problem.

identify advantages and limitations of models such as their size, scale, properties, and materials;

analyze data by identifying any significant features, patterns, or sources of error;

use mathematical calculations to compare patterns and relationships; and

evaluate experimental and engineering designs.

develop explanations and propose solutions supported by data and models;

communicate explanations and solutions individually and collaboratively in a variety of settings and formats; and

listen actively to others' explanations to identify relevant evidence and engage respectfully in scientific discussion.

explain how scientific discoveries and innovative solutions to problems impact science and society; and

research and explore resources such as museums, libraries, professional organizations, private companies, online platforms, and mentors employed in a science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) field to investigate STEM careers.

identify and use patterns to explain scientific phenomena or to design solutions;

identify and investigate cause-and-effect relationships to explain scientific phenomena or analyze problems;

use scale, proportion, and quantity to describe, compare, or model different systems;

examine and model the parts of a system and their interdependence in the function of the system;

investigate how energy flows and matter cycles through systems and how matter is conserved;

explain the relationship between the structure and function of objects, organisms, and systems; and

explain how factors or conditions impact stability and change in objects, organisms, and systems.

compare and contrast matter based on measurable, testable, or observable physical properties, including mass, magnetism, relative density (sinking and floating using water as a reference point), physical state (solid, liquid, gas), volume, solubility in water, and the ability to conduct or insulate thermal energy and electric energy;

demonstrate and explain that some mixtures maintain physical properties of their substances such as iron filings and sand or sand and water;

compare the properties of substances before and after they are combined into a solution and demonstrate that matter is conserved in solutions; and

illustrate how matter is made up of particles that are too small to be seen such as air in a balloon.

investigate and explain how equal and unequal forces acting on an object cause patterns of motion and transfer of energy; and

design a simple experimental investigation that tests the effect of force on an object in a system such as a car on a ramp or a balloon rocket on a string.

investigate and describe the transformation of energy in systems such as energy in a flashlight battery that changes from chemical energy to electrical energy to light energy;

demonstrate that electrical energy in complete circuits can be transformed into motion, light, sound, or thermal energy and identify the requirements for a functioning electrical circuit; and

demonstrate and explain how light travels in a straight line and can be reflected, refracted, or absorbed.

The student is expected to demonstrate that Earth rotates on its axis once approximately every 24 hours and explain how that causes the day/night cycle and the appearance of the Sun moving across the sky, resulting in changes in shadow positions and shapes.

explain how the Sun and the ocean interact in the water cycle and affect weather;

model and describe the processes that led to the formation of sedimentary rocks and fossil fuels; and

model and identify how changes to Earth's surface by wind, water, or ice result in the formation of landforms, including deltas, canyons, and sand dunes.

The student is expected to design and explain solutions such as conservation, recycling, or proper disposal to minimize environmental impact of the use of natural resources.

observe and describe how a variety of organisms survive by interacting with biotic and abiotic factors in a healthy ecosystem;