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pronouns, including indefinite;

organizing with purposeful structure, including an introduction, transitions, and a conclusion; and

subordinating conjunctions to form complex sentences;

developing an engaging idea reflecting depth of thought with specific facts and details;

capitalization of abbreviations, initials, acronyms, and organizations;

revise drafts to improve sentence structure and word choice by adding, deleting, combining, and rearranging ideas for coherence and clarity;

italics and underlining for titles and emphasis, and punctuation marks, including quotation marks in dialogue and commas in compound and complex sentences; and

correct spelling of words with grade-appropriate orthographic patterns and rules and high-frequency words; and

complete simple and compound sentences with subject-verb agreement and avoidance of splices, run-ons, and fragments;

publish written work for appropriate audiences.

irregular verbs;

collective nouns;

compose literary texts such as personal narratives, fiction, and poetry using genre characteristics and craft;

adjectives, including those indicating origin, and their comparative and superlative forms;

compose informational texts, including brief compositions that convey information about a topic, using a clear central idea and genre characteristics and craft;

conjunctive adverbs;

compose argumentative texts, including opinion essays, using genre characteristics and craft; and

prepositions and prepositional phrases and their influence on subject-verb agreement;

compose correspondence that requests information.

pronouns, including personal, possessive, objective, reflexive, prepositional, and indefinite;

subordinating conjunctions to form complex sentences;

generate and clarify questions on a topic for formal and informal inquiry;

capitalization of initials, acronyms, and organizations;

develop and follow a research plan with adult assistance;

italics and underlining for titles and emphasis and punctuation marks, including commas in compound and complex sentences, em dash for dialogue, and quotation marks for titles; and

identify and gather relevant information from a variety of sources;

correct spelling of words with grade-appropriate orthographic patterns and rules; and

understand credibility of primary and secondary sources;

publish written work for appropriate audiences.

demonstrate understanding of information gathered;

differentiate between paraphrasing and plagiarism when using source materials;

compose literary texts such as personal narratives, fiction, and poetry using genre characteristics and craft;

develop a bibliography; and

compose informational texts, including brief compositions that convey information about a topic, using a clear central idea and genre characteristics and craft;

use an appropriate mode of delivery, whether written, oral, or multimodal, to present results.

compose argumentative texts, including opinion essays, using genre characteristics and craft; and

compose correspondence that requests information.

generate and clarify questions on a topic for formal and informal inquiry;

develop and follow a research plan with adult assistance;

identify and gather relevant information from a variety of sources;

understand credibility of primary and secondary sources;

demonstrate understanding of information gathered;

differentiate between paraphrasing and plagiarism when using source materials;

develop a bibliography; and

use an appropriate mode of delivery, whether written, oral, or multimodal, to present results.

ask questions and define problems based on observations or information from text, phenomena, models, or investigations;

use scientific practices to plan and conduct simple descriptive investigations and use engineering practices to design solutions to problems;

identify, describe, and demonstrate safe practices during classroom and field investigations as outlined in Texas Education Agency-approved safety standards;

use tools, including hand lenses, goggles, trays, cups, bowls, sieves or sifters, notebooks, terrariums, aquariums, samples (rocks, sand, soil, loam, gravel, clay, seeds, and plants), windsock, demonstration thermometer, rain gauge, straws, ribbons, non-standard measuring items, blocks or cubes, tuning fork, various flashlights, small paper cups, items that roll, noise makers, hot plate, opaque objects, transparent objects, foil pie pans, foil muffin cups, wax paper, Sun-Moon-Earth model, and plant life cycle model to observe, measure, test, and compare;

collect observations and measurements as evidence;

record and organize data using pictures, numbers, words, symbols, and simple graphs; and

develop and use models to represent phenomena, objects, and processes or design a prototype for a solution to a problem.

identify basic advantages and limitations of models such as their size, properties, and materials;

analyze data by identifying significant features and patterns;

use mathematical concepts to compare two objects with common attributes; and

evaluate a design or object using criteria to determine if it works as intended.

develop explanations and propose solutions supported by data and models;

communicate explanations and solutions individually and collaboratively in a variety of settings and formats; and

listen actively to others' explanations to identify important evidence and engage respectfully in scientific discussion.