SCIENCE.8.8.B — Vertical Alignment
Vertical alignment shows student expectations in the same subject area at different grade levels that are related to or build upon one another.
investigate and identify the transfer of energy by objects in motion, waves in water, and sound;
SCIENCE.8.8.B — Breakout of skills
Breakouts are the component parts that make up a student expectation. A breakout shows a distinct concept a student should know or a distinct skill that a student should be able to demonstrate.
Recurring themes and concepts — Connections to the content
Cause-and-effect relationships are relationships between two or more variables or phenomena whereby one variable or event leads to a predictable response. Events have causes—sometimes simple, sometimes multi-faceted.
Because X-rays have specific wavelengths (cause), they can be used to visualize the interior of objects and bodies (effect). The wavelength of microwaves cause water molecules in a substance to heat (effect).
It is important to consider how changes in scale, proportion, or quantity affect a system’s structure or performance. Scale refers to the size of an object in relation to another object or its environment. Proportion is the ratio of one quantity to another. Quantity is a count of a set of objects or a measurement of a substance.
Each type of electromagnetic wave is defined by the measurement of its wavelength (quantity).
A structure is an organized arrangement of particles, parts, or elements in a substance, body, or entity. A function is the purpose or reason for something to exist in a system. The function of a structure depends on the shapes of and relationships among its essential parts.
The structure of a wave—its amplitude, frequency, and wavelength—allows it to perform its function. For example, X-rays have the appropriate amplitude, frequency, and wavelength to pass through tissue but not bone.