Science.6.1.G
The student is expected to develop and use models to represent phenomena, systems, processes, or solutions to engineering problems; and
Knowledge and Skills Statement
Scientific and engineering practices. The student, for at least 40% of instructional time, asks questions, identifies problems, and plans and safely conducts classroom, laboratory, and field investigations to answer questions, explain phenomena, or design solutions using appropriate tools and models.
Further Explanation
Models:
Both scientists and engineers use a variety of models. Physical models show how things look or work in the real world. Conceptual models represent relationships and describe how things work or fit together. Mathematical models use mathematical equations, theories, formulas, and proofs. Simulations allow for the control of variables and mimic real-world processes. Examples of models include sketches, diagrams, mathematical relationships, simulations, and physical models, and are used to make predictions about the behavior of a system.
Processes:
Natural processes such as life cycles, weather, or the rock cycle, can be represented with conceptual, physical, mathematical, or simulated models. In engineering, the solution to a design challenge could be a new or improved process shown with a model or diagram.
Prototype:
Prototypes are a subset of models that serve a specific purpose. Models are usually created after data is collected and are used to explain systems or processes. Models can be used to communicate findings to the target audience. Prototypes are usually created as an early step in determining why a system is not working or to try to improve a design. They are not typically shared with the broader public once the problem has been solved.
Supporting Information
Research
Krajcik, Joseph, and Joi Merritt. “Engaging Students in Scientific Practices: What Does Constructing and Revising Models Look like in the Science Classroom?: Understanding a Framework for K-12 Science Education.” The Science Teacher 79, no. 3 (2012): 10-13.
https://www.proquest.com/docview/1318924212?sourcetype=Scholarly%20Journals.
Summary: Models allow scientists and engineers to create external representations of mental concepts. This article provides information on the purposes, types, and possible limitations of models that students may want to consider as they design and evaluate their own models.