IPC.2 — Vertical Alignment
Vertical alignment shows student expectations in the same subject area at different grade levels that are related to or build upon one another.
communicate the idea that objects can only be seen when a light source is present and compare the effects of different amounts of light on the appearance of objects; and
demonstrate and explain that light travels through some objects and is blocked by other objects, creating shadows.
identify everyday examples of energy, including light, sound, thermal, and mechanical; and
demonstrate and explain how light travels in a straight line and can be reflected, refracted, or absorbed.
IPC.2
Nature of science. Science, as defined by the National Academy of Sciences, is the "use of evidence to construct testable explanations and predictions of natural phenomena, as well as the knowledge generated through this process." This vast body of changing and increasing knowledge is described by physical, mathematical, and conceptual models. Students should know that some questions are outside the realm of science because they deal with phenomena that are not currently scientifically testable.
explain how electrons can transition from a high energy level to a low energy state, emitting photons at different frequencies for different energy transitions;
describe the photoelectric effect and emission spectra produced by various atoms and how both are explained by the photon model for light;
investigate the emission spectra produced by various atoms and explain the relationship to the electromagnetic spectrum; and
describe and predict image formation as a consequence of reflection from a plane mirror and refraction through a thin convex lens.