1. DNA to mRNA to protein
2. DNA to mRNA to tRNA to protein
3. DNA to protein to mRNA to protein
4. mRNA to DNA to mRNA to protein

1. DNA and protein from B
2. DNA and protein from A
3. DNA from A and protein from B
4. DNA from B and protein from A

The AUC and AUA codons in mRNA both specify isoleucine. What feature of the genetic code explains this?

1. complementarity
2. degeneracy
3. nonsense codons
4. universality

1. $12$
2. $24$
3. $36$
4. $48$

Which of the following molecules does not contain genetic information?

1. DNA
2. mRNA
3. protein
4. RNA

Which molecule in the central dogma can be compared to a disposable photocopy of a book kept on reserve in the library?

1. DNA
2. mRNA
3. protein
4. tRNA

Which subunit of the E. coli polymerase confers specificity to transcription?

1. α
2. β
3. β′
4. σ

Why are the −10 and −35 regions of prokaryotic promoters called consensus sequences?

1. They are identical in all bacterial species.
2. They are similar in all bacterial species.
3. They exist in all organisms.
4. They have the same function in all organisms.

The sequence that signals the end of transcription is called the ________.

1. promoter.=
2. stop codon.=
3. TATA box.=
4. terminator.=

1. It depends on the gene.
2. No, the rho protein is essential.
3. Transcription termination is not required.
4. Yes, the rho protein is not involved in transcription.

1. GC box
2. octamer box
3. TATA box
4. -10 and -35 sequences

1. elongation
2. initiation
3. processing
4. termination

1. polymerase I
2. polymerase II
3. polymerase III
4. ribonuclease I

What transcripts will be most affected by low levels of α-amanitin?

1. 18S and 28S rRNAs
2. 5S rRNAs and tRNAs
3. other small nuclear RNAs
4. pre-mRNAs

1. Eukaryotic transcription does not start at a consensus sequence.
2. Eukaryotic transcription does not require an initiation complex.
3. Eukaryotic transcription and translation do not take place at the same time.
4. Eukaryotic transcription does not require a termination sequence.

A poly-A sequence is added at the:

1. 5′ end of a transcript in the nucleus
2. 3′-end of a transcript in the nucleus
3. 5′ end of a transcript in the cytoplasm
4. 3′-end of a transcript in the cytoplasm

1. poly-A tail
2. RNA editing
3. splicing
4. 7-methylguanosine cap

1. cytoplasm
2. endoplasmic reticulum
3. nucleus
4. nucleolus

1. cleavage
2. methylation
3. nucleotide modification
4. splicing

1. DNA sequences to which polymerases bind
2. the processed mRNA
3. translated DNA sequences in a gene
4. untranslated DNA sequences in a gene

1. adenine
2. leucine
3. methionine
4. thymine

In any given species, there are at least how many types of aminoacyl tRNA synthetases?

1. 20
2. 40
3. 100
4. 200

In prokaryotic cells, ribosomes are found in/on the ________.

1. cytoplasm
2. mitochondrion
3. nucleus
4. endoplasmic reticulum

The peptide bond synthesis in prokaryotic translation is catalyzed by ________.

1. a ribosomal protein
2. a cytoplasmic protein
3. mRNA itself
4. ribosomal RNA

What would happen if the 5′-methyl guanosine was not added to an mRNA?

1. The transcript would degrade when the mRNA moves out of the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
2. The mRNA molecule would stabilize and start the process of translation within the nucleus of the cell.
3. The mRNA molecule would move out of the nucleus and create more copies of the mRNA molecule.
4. The mRNA molecule would not be able to add the poly-A tail on its strand at the 5′ end.

Which of the following is associated with the docking of mRNA on a ribosome in eukaryotic cells?

1. Kozak’s rules
2. poly-A sequence
3. Shine-Dalgarno sequence
4. TATA box