Learning Objectives

By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following:

• Describe uniform circular motion
• Explain nonuniform circular motion
• Calculate angular acceleration of an object
• Observe the link between linear and angular acceleration

Uniform Circular Motion and Gravitation discussed only uniform circular motion, which is motion in a circle at constant speed and, hence, constant angular velocity. Recall that angular velocity $\omega$ was defined as the time rate of change of angle $\theta$

where $\theta$ is the angle of rotation as seen in Figure 10.3. The relationship between angular velocity $\omega$ and linear velocity $v$ was also defined in Rotation Angle and Angular Velocity as

or

where $r$ is the radius of curvature, also seen in Figure 10.3. According to the sign convention, the counter clockwise direction is considered as positive direction and clockwise direction as negative

Angular velocity is not constant when a skater pulls in her arms, when a child starts up a merry-go-round from rest, or when a computer's hard disk slows to a halt when switched off. In all these cases, there is an angular acceleration, in which $\omega$ changes. The faster the change occurs, the greater the angular acceleration. Angular acceleration $\alpha$ is defined as the rate of change of angular velocity. In equation form, angular acceleration is expressed as

where $\mathrm{\Delta }\omega$ is the change in angular velocity and $\mathrm{\Delta }t$ is the change in time. The units of angular acceleration are $\left(\text{rad/s}\right)\text{/s}$, or ${\text{rad/s}}^2$. If $\omega$ increases, then $\alpha$ is positive. If $\omega$ decreases, then $\alpha$ is negative.

If the bicycle in the preceding example had been on its wheels instead of upside-down, it would first have accelerated along the ground and then come to a stop. This connection between circular motion and linear motion needs to be explored. For example, it would be useful to know how linear and angular acceleration are related. In circular motion, linear acceleration is tangent to the circle at the point of interest, as seen in Figure 10.4. Thus, linear acceleration is called tangential acceleration $a_{\text{t}}$.

Linear or tangential acceleration refers to changes in the magnitude of velocity but not its direction. We know from Uniform Circular Motion and Gravitation that in circular motion centripetal acceleration, $a_{\text{c}}$, refers to changes in the direction of the velocity but not its magnitude. An object undergoing circular motion experiences centripetal acceleration, as seen in Figure 10.5. Thus, $a_{\text{t}}$ and $a_{\text{c}}$ are perpendicular and independent of one another. Tangential acceleration $a_{\text{t}}$ is directly related to the angular acceleration $\alpha$ and is linked to an increase or decrease in the velocity, but not its direction.

Now we can find the exact relationship between linear acceleration $a_{\text{t}}$ and angular acceleration $\alpha$. Because linear acceleration is proportional to a change in the magnitude of the velocity, it is defined as it was in One-Dimensional Kinematics to be

For circular motion, note that $v=\mathrm{r\omega }$, so that

The radius $r$ is constant for circular motion, and so $\text{Δ}(\mathrm{r\omega })=r(\mathrm{\Delta }\omega )$. Thus,

By definition, $\alpha =\frac{\mathrm{\Delta }\omega }{\mathrm{\Delta }t}$. Thus,

or

These equations mean that linear acceleration and angular acceleration are directly proportional. The greater the angular acceleration is, the larger the linear or tangential acceleration is, and vice versa. For example, the greater the angular acceleration of a car's drive wheels, the greater the acceleration of the car. The radius also matters. For example, the smaller a wheel, the smaller its linear acceleration for a given angular acceleration $\alpha$.

So far, we have defined three rotational quantities— $\theta \mathrm{, }\omega$, and $\alpha$. These quantities are analogous to the translational quantities $x\mathrm{, }v$, and $a$. Table 10.1 displays rotational quantities, the analogous translational quantities, and the relationships between them.