Research
1. Mirra, N. Honoroff, B., Elgendy, S., & Piertzak G. (2016). Reading and writing with a public purpose: Fostering middle school students' academic and critical community literacies through debate. Journal of Language and Literacy Education. 12(1), 1–22. Retrieved from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1100979.pdf
Summary: This study looks at debate as a way to encourage students to analyze complex texts as a means to increase their academic reading, comprehension, and critical literacy skills. Middle school students were given writing prompts from which they built evidenced-based argumentative essays. Those essays were further refined through the debate process.
2. Wagemans, J.H.M. (2011). The assessment of argumentation from expert opinion. Argumentation, 25, 329–330. doi: 10.1007/s10503-011-9225-8
Summary: This article introduces a tool that can be used to format an argument from a position of expertise and experience. The tool allows students to learn how to analyze opposing positions and develop questions from a critical perspective. The tool fosters reading comprehension and writing skills.
3. Nussbaum, E.M., & Schraw, G. (2017). Promoting argument-counterargument integration in students' writing. The Journal of Experimental Education, 76(1), 59-92. Retrieved from https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ807872
Summary: This study provides instructional strategies to improve the students' ability to construct an argument for or against a position. A graphic organizer is suggested as a means to identify the argument and counterargument before developing a final conclusion. Although the participants in this study were undergraduates, the practical application of the strategy is consistent with lower grades. The process also increased the students' reasoning and ability to create rebuttals.
4. Jonassen, D.H., & Kim. B. (2009). Arguing to learn and learning to argue: Design justification and guidelines. Education Technology & Research Development, 5I(4), 439–457. doi: 10.1007/s11423-009-9143-8
Summary: In this study, the researcher suggest that students who experience meaningful learning are also deeply engaged in the learning process. The study focuses on argumentative writing. Jonassen and Kim consider critical thinking as a way to facilitate conceptual change and problem solving in fact critical thinking is foundational to learning how to effectively argue. The study also examines what occurs when a student is unsuccessful in persuading an audience or presenting an argument. The report provides ways to evaluate the arguments for their quality.