IPC.5.E

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The student is expected to construct and communicate an explanation based on evidence for how changes in mass, charge, and distance affect the strength of gravitational and electrical forces between two objects.
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Knowledge and Skills Statement

Science concepts. The student knows the relationship between force and motion in everyday life.

A typical structure for a discussion is Claim-Evidence-Reasoning (CER).

A claim is an answer to a scientific question stated as a fact. Students gather evidence to support their claims. The evidence should justify the accuracy of the claim and include data points, scientific observations, or a summary of data. Multiple sources should support the evidence. The reasoning connects the claim and the evidence logically. It should also explain why the claim is reasonable based on scientific principles.

a definite quantity of electricity, either negative or positive; the quantity of electricity held by a body and construed as an excess or deficiency of electrons

a numerical measurement of how far apart objects or points are; the degree or amount of separation between two points, lines, surfaces, or objects; a measure of the length of the path that an object takes without regard for the starting or ending place or the direction of its travel

a component of electromagnetic force that is produced by static (non-moving) electric charges; an attraction or repulsion of particles or objects due to their electric charge

a push or pull between two objects

a physical phenomenon in which one object exerts a pull on another object from a distance; the universal force of attraction that pulls objects toward each other's center of mass and stores energy in or transfers to/from the object via fields of force

the amount of matter in a substance, measured in grams or kilograms

an act, process, or instance of changing position or location

Research

Darwish, Sager M. "Investigation of Coulomb’s Law and the Nature of the Electric Charge." Journal of Physics Communications 7, no. 4 (2023): 045001. https://doi.org/10.1088/2399-6528/accdb4

Summary:  This theoretical work investigates spin-spin energy in the hydrogen atom and its relation to Coulomb’s force law. A new formula is suggested for the force between two spinning particles. The results agree with Coulomb’s law evaluations; the spin-spin energy is related to the electric potential energy and the electric charge is connected to the rotational energy of the mass.

Research

Bakri, F., Serevina, V., Hartina, M. M., & Aslamia, D. (2022). Development of online learning tools based on computer assisted instruction material for Newton’s law of gravity. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2309(1), 012101. doi:https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2309/1/012101

Summary:  This Computer Assisted Instruction-based online learning tool has been tested on a limited basis for tenth grade students of public high school. It can be concluded that Computer Assisted Instruction-based online learning tools on Newton's Law of Gravity are very good and feasible to develop.