A student expectation is directly related to the knowledge and skills statement, is more specific about how students demonstrate their learning, and always begins with a verb. Student expectations are further broken down into their component parts, often referred to as “breakouts.”
A knowledge and skills statement is a broad statement of what students must know and be able to do. It generally begins with a learning strand and ends with the phrase “The student is expected to:” Knowledge and skills statements always include related student expectations.
Glossary Support for ELA.4.2.B.ii
Both decoding and encoding skills are needed to build a foundation in reading. Decoding is sounding words out according to letter-sound relationship conventions. Encoding is the process of using letter-sound knowledge to write or spell words. Students must understand the various spelling patterns and rules of the English language to correctly construct words in their written products. It is important that students apply or demonstrate these rules consistently instead of using invented spelling because they may unknowingly write a real word that they did not intend, causing confusion for their reader.
Homophones are words that sound the same but are spelled differently and have completely different meanings (e.g., blue and blew). Students should be able to distinguish between the different spellings of words that sound the same. For example, if the teacher is giving a spelling test and uses the tested word in a sentence like “My favorite color is blue,” students should spell the word as blue, not blew.
Summary: This study considers the value of and approaches to building readers' multisyllabic word skills through explicit instruction in syllables and morphemes.