CHEM.8.B
The student is expected to calculate the number of atoms or molecules in a sample of material using Avogadro's number;
Knowledge and Skills Statement
Science concepts. The student understands how matter is accounted for in chemical substance.
Supporting Information
Research
Nordén, Bengt. "The Mole, Avogadro’s Number and Albert Einstein." Molecular Frontiers Journal 05, no.1-2 (2021): 66–78.
https://doi.org/10.1142/s2529732521400010
Summary: The mole concept and Avogadro’s number are discussed as sought by Albert Einstein in his PhD thesis of 1905. Einstein would probably have regarded the metric system of units based on centimetre-gram-second (cgs) as preferable to today’s SI system, and specifically, he would have rejected a recent SI suggestion to redefine Avogadro’s constant as based on a nonatomistic continuum description of matter. He would probably also have preferred keeping a dualistic definition of mole able to bookkeep both mass and number of particles: we advocate that here and call it the ‘Einstein Definition’ and as Avogadro’s number we shall adopt an integer, the cube of 84446888 as suggested by Fox and Hill, providing also a definition of the kilogram based on the atomic mass of the carbon 12 isotope.
Research
Bindel, Thomas H. "Crystal Models Made from Clear Plastic Boxes and Their Use in Determining Avogadro’s Number." Journal of Chemical Education 79, no. 4 (2002): 468. https://doi.org/10.1021/ed079p468
Summary: Bindel presents crystal models that clearly show the relationship between the unit cell and the crystal lattice. They help secondary school students visualize the basic formula unit within the unit cell and thus facilitate the determination of "Z," where Z represents the number of formula units within the cell.