BIO.13.A

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The student is expected to investigate and evaluate how ecological relationships, including predation, parasitism, commensalism, mutualism, and competition, influence ecosystem stability;
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Knowledge and Skills Statement

Science concepts--interdependence within environmental systems. The student knows that interactions at various levels of organization occur within an ecosystem to maintain stability.

a type of symbiotic relationship between two organisms where one organism benefits and the other is not harmed

a relationship between two organisms where they vie for specific resources, such as food, mates, space, or other basic need

the biotic and abiotic resources provided to support specific populations in a community

a type of symbiotic relationship between two organisms where both benefit from the association

a type of symbiotic relationship between two organisms where one benefits by taking food, energy, or shelter and harming the other

a type of relationship between two organisms where one (the predator) consumes the other (the prey) as food

the ability of an ecosystem to maintain and propagate itself without inputs from outside the system

Research

Takemoto, Kazuhiro, and Kosuke Kajihara. "Human Impacts and Climate Change Influence Nestedness and Modularity in Food-Web and Mutualistic Networks." PLoS ONE 11, no. 6 (June 2016): e0157929. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0157929

Summary:  The effects of climate change and human activities on ecological networks are poorly understood. Here, we used a spatial analysis approach to examine the effects of climate change and human activities on the structural patterns of food webs and mutualistic networks, and found that ecological network structure is globally affected by climate change and human impacts, in addition to current climate.