BIO.12.A
The student is expected to analyze the interactions that occur among systems that perform the function of regulation, nutrient absorption, reproduction, and defense from injury or illness in animals; and
Knowledge and Skills Statement
Science concepts--biological structures, functions, and processes. The student knows that multicellular organisms are composed of multiple system that interact to perform complex function.
Further Explanation
Further information on regulation:
As an educator, it is helpful to know that the functions of regulation can include eliminating waste products or maintaining body temperature, blood sugar, blood pressure, and metabolism, among others. For example, a dog will pant to cool down, involving the integumentary, nervous, respiratory, and circulatory systems.
Further information on defense from injury or illness:
As an educator, it is helpful to think of the variety of ways systems interact to protect an organism. Defense from injury can also be in the form of reflexes, such as pulling one's hand away from a hot object, which involves the nervous and musculoskeletal systems.
Supporting Information
Research
Zheng, Danping, Timur Liwinski, and Eran Elinav. "Interaction between Microbiota and Immunity in Health and Disease." Cell Research 30, no. 6 (2020): 492-506. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41422-020-0332-7
Summary: We highlight aspects of the current knowledge, challenges and limitations in achieving causal understanding of host immune-microbiome interactions, as well as their impact on immune-mediated diseases, and discuss how these insights may translate towards future development of microbiome-targeted therapeutic interventions.
Research
Lutton, Bram, and Ian Callard. “Evolution of reproductive-Immune Interactions.” Integrative and Comparative Biology 46, no.6 (2006): 1060-1071. doi:10.1093/icb/icl050
Summary: Individual physiological systems function in a milieu provided by the integrated activities of all of the systems to adapt, adjust and sustain the organism in its environment. The overlapping interfaces between the different physiological systems provide fertile ground for new insights and to enhance our knowledge. These interdisciplinary areas are of great importance if we are to understand the full complexity of organismal function. Of particular interest are the interactions between the reproductive system and the immune system.