analyze historical and contemporary examples of citizen movements to bring about political change or to maintain continuity; and

describe the factors that influence an individual's political attitudes and actions.

use the Pythagorean Theorem and its converse to solve problems; and

decoding words using advanced knowledge of the influence of prefixes and suffixes on base words; and

determine the distance between two points on a coordinate plane using the Pythagorean Theorem.

identifying and reading high-frequency words from a research-based list;

Citizenship. The student understands the importance of the expression of different points of view in a constitutional republic. The student is expected to:

analyze different points of view of political parties and interest groups such as the League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC), the National Rifle Association (NRA), and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) on important contemporary issues; and

Expressions, equations, and relationships. The student applies mathematical process standards to use one-variable equations or inequalities in problem situations. The student is expected to:

demonstrate and apply spelling knowledge by:

analyze the importance of the First Amendment rights of petition, assembly, speech, and press and the Second Amendment right to keep and bear arms.

write one-variable equations or inequalities with variables on both sides that represent problems using rational number coefficients and constants;

spelling multisyllabic words with closed syllables; open syllables; VCe syllables; vowel teams, including digraphs and diphthongs; r-controlled syllables; and final stable syllables;

write a corresponding real-world problem when given a one-variable equation or inequality with variables on both sides of the equal sign using rational number coefficients and constants;

Culture. The student understands the relationship between government policies and the culture of the United States. The student is expected to:

spelling words with consonant changes, including/t/ to/sh/ such as in select and selection and/k/ to/sh/ such as music and musician;

spelling multisyllabic words with multiple sound-spelling patterns;

evaluate a U.S. government policy or court decision that has affected a particular racial, ethnic, or religious group such as the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the U.S. Supreme Court cases of Hernandez v. Texas and Grutter v. Bollinger; and

model and solve one-variable equations with variables on both sides of the equal sign that represent mathematical and real-world problems using rational number coefficients and constants; and

use informal arguments to establish facts about the angle sum and exterior angle of triangles, the angles created when parallel lines are cut by a transversal, and the angle-angle criterion for similarity of triangles.

spelling words using advanced knowledge of syllable division patterns;

explain changes in American culture brought about by government policies such as voting rights, the Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944 (GI Bill of Rights), the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986, affirmative action, and racial integration.

Expressions, equations, and relationships. The student applies mathematical process standards to use multiple representations to develop foundational concepts of simultaneous linear equations. The student is expected to identify and verify the values of \(x\) and y that simultaneously satisfy two linear equations in the form \(y = mx + b\) from the intersections of the graphed equations.

spelling words using knowledge of prefixes; and

Science, technology, and society. The student understands the role the government plays in developing policies and establishing conditions that influence scientific discoveries and technological innovations. The student is expected to:

Two-dimensional shapes. The student applies mathematical process standards to develop transformational geometry concepts. The student is expected to:

spelling words using knowledge of suffixes, including how they can change base words such as dropping e, changing y to i, and doubling final consonants; and

explain how U.S. constitutional protections such as patents have fostered competition and entrepreneurship; and

generalize the properties of orientation and congruence of rotations, reflections, translations, and dilations of two-dimensional shapes on a coordinate plane;

write legibly in cursive.

identify examples of government-assisted research that, when shared with the private sector, have resulted in improved consumer products such as computer and communication technologies.

Science, technology, and society. The student understands the impact of advances in science and technology on government. The student is expected to:

differentiate between transformations that preserve congruence and those that do not;

Developing and sustaining foundational language skills: listening, speaking, reading, writing, and thinking--vocabulary. The student uses newly acquired vocabulary expressively. The student is expected to:

explain the effect of translations, reflections over the x- or y-axis, and rotations limited to 90°, 180°, 270°, and 360° as applied to two-dimensional shapes on a coordinate plane using an algebraic representation; and

use print or digital resources to determine meaning, syllabication, pronunciation, and word origin;

describe the potential impact of recent scientific discoveries and technological innovations on government policy; and

evaluate the impact of the Internet and other electronic information on the political process.

model the effect on linear and area measurements of dilated two-dimensional shapes.

use context within and beyond a sentence to determine the relevant meaning of unfamiliar words or multiple-meaning words;

identify the meaning of and use words with affixes such as trans-, super-, -ive, and -logy and roots such as geo and photo; and

Social studies skills. The student applies critical-thinking skills to organize and use information acquired through established research methodologies from a variety of valid sources, including technology. The student is expected to:

Measurement and data. The student applies mathematical process standards to use statistical procedures to describe data. The student is expected to:

construct a scatterplot and describe the observed data to address questions of association such as linear, non-linear, and no association between bivariate data;

identify, use, and explain the meaning of adages and puns.

analyze information by sequencing, categorizing, identifying cause-and-effect relationships, comparing, contrasting, finding the main idea, summarizing, making generalizations and predictions, and drawing inferences and conclusions;

determine the mean absolute deviation and use this quantity as a measure of the average distance data are from the mean using a data set of no more than 10 data points; and

Developing and sustaining foundational language skills: listening, speaking, reading, writing, and thinking--fluency. The student reads grade-level text with fluency and comprehension. The student is expected to use appropriate fluency (rate, accuracy, and prosody) when reading grade-level text.

create a product on a contemporary government issue or topic using critical methods of inquiry;

simulate generating random samples of the same size from a population with known characteristics to develop the notion of a random sample being representative of the population from which it was selected.