punctuation marks, including apostrophes in possessives, commas in compound sentences, and quotation marks in dialogue; and

analyze the structure and functions of the executive branch of government, including the constitutional powers of the president, the growth of presidential power, and the role of the Cabinet and executive departments;

apply mathematics to problems arising in everyday life, society, and the workplace;

correct spelling of words with grade-appropriate orthographic patterns and rules and high-frequency words; and

analyze the structure and functions of the judicial branch of government, including the federal court system, types of jurisdiction, and judicial review;

use a problem-solving model that incorporates analyzing given information, formulating a plan or strategy, determining a solution, justifying the solution, and evaluating the problem-solving process and the reasonableness of the solution;

publish written work for appropriate audiences.

identify the purpose of selected independent executive agencies, including the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), and regulatory commissions, including the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and Federal Communications Commission (FCC);

select tools, including real objects, manipulatives, paper and pencil, and technology as appropriate, and techniques, including mental math, estimation, and number sense as appropriate, to solve problems;

communicate mathematical ideas, reasoning, and their implications using multiple representations, including symbols, diagrams, graphs, and language as appropriate;

Composition: listening, speaking, reading, writing, and thinking using multiple texts--genres. The student uses genre characteristics and craft to compose multiple texts that are meaningful. The student is expected to:

explain how provisions of the U.S. Constitution provide for checks and balances among the three branches of government;

create and use representations to organize, record, and communicate mathematical ideas;

compose literary texts such as personal narratives and poetry using genre characteristics and craft;

analyze selected issues raised by judicial activism and judicial restraint;

analyze mathematical relationships to connect and communicate mathematical ideas; and

compose informational texts, including brief compositions that convey information about a topic, using a clear central idea and genre characteristics and craft;

explain the major responsibilities of the federal government for domestic and foreign policy such as national defense; and

display, explain, and justify mathematical ideas and arguments using precise mathematical language in written or oral communication.

compose argumentative texts, including opinion essays, using genre characteristics and craft; and

compare the structures, functions, and processes of national, state, and local governments in the U.S. federal system.

Number and operations. The student applies mathematical process standards to represent and use real numbers in a variety of forms. The student is expected to:

Government. The student understands the concept of federalism. The student is expected to:

compose correspondence that requests information.

explain why the Founding Fathers created a distinctly new form of federalism and adopted a federal system of government instead of a unitary system;

Inquiry and research: listening, speaking, reading, writing, and thinking using multiple texts. The student engages in both short-term and sustained recursive inquiry processes for a variety of purposes. The student is expected to:

extend previous knowledge of sets and subsets using a visual representation to describe relationships between sets of real numbers;

categorize government powers as national, state, or shared;

generate and clarify questions on a topic for formal and informal inquiry;

approximate the value of an irrational number, including π and square roots of numbers less than 225, and locate that rational number approximation on a number line;

analyze historical and contemporary conflicts over the respective roles of national and state governments; and

develop and follow a research plan with adult assistance;

convert between standard decimal notation and scientific notation; and

order a set of real numbers arising from mathematical and real-world contexts.

identify and gather relevant information from a variety of sources;

explain how the U.S. Constitution limits the power of national and state governments.

Proportionality. The student applies mathematical process standards to use proportional relationships to describe dilations. The student is expected to:

identify primary and secondary sources;

Government. The student understands the processes for filling public offices in the U.S. system of government. The student is expected to:

generalize that the ratio of corresponding sides of similar shapes are proportional, including a shape and its dilation;

demonstrate understanding of information gathered;

identify different methods of filling public offices, including elected and appointed offices at the local, state, and national levels;

explain the process of electing the president of the United States and analyze the Electoral College; and

compare and contrast the attributes of a shape and its dilation(s) on a coordinate plane; and

recognize the difference between paraphrasing and plagiarism when using source materials;

analyze the impact of the passage of the 17th Amendment.

use an algebraic representation to explain the effect of a given positive rational scale factor applied to two-dimensional figures on a coordinate plane with the origin as the center of dilation.

develop a bibliography; and

Government. The student understands the role of political parties in the U.S. system of government. The student is expected to:

use an appropriate mode of delivery, whether written, oral, or multimodal, to present results.