plan a first draft by selecting a genre for a particular topic, purpose, and audience using a range of strategies such as brainstorming, freewriting, and mapping;

develop drafts into a focused, structured, and coherent piece of writing by:

organizing with purposeful structure, including an introduction, transitions, and a conclusion; and

developing an engaging idea with relevant details;

revise drafts to improve sentence structure and word choice by adding, deleting, combining, and rearranging ideas for coherence and clarity;

edit drafts using standard English conventions, including:

complete simple and compound sentences with subject-verb agreement and avoidance of splices, run-ons, and fragments;

past tense of irregular verbs;

singular, plural, common, and proper nouns;

adjectives, including their comparative and superlative forms;

adverbs that convey frequency and adverbs that convey degree;

prepositions and prepositional phrases;

pronouns, including reflexive;

coordinating conjunctions to form compound subjects, predicates, and sentences;

capitalization of historical periods, events, and documents; titles of books; stories and essays; and languages, races, and nationalities;