1. An algorithm that creates 15,000 to 20,000 unique tags
2. An algorithm that creates 150,000 to 200,000 unique tags
3. An algorithm that creates 1.5 million to 2 million unique tags
4. An algorithm that creates 10 million to 20 million unique tags

1. Genus A, which contains well-adapted species
2. Genus B, which has greater genetic diversity and is more likely to have traits that confer an advantage in the new environment
3. Genus A, which can serve as ancestors for the new species
4. Genus B, because these species likely evolved from genus A species in the past

1. A burst of speciation
2. The presence of of invasive species
3. A hypothesized cause of a mass extinction
4. Evidence of an apex predator

1. New species radiated from existing species.
2. New species appeared due to spontaneous mutations.
3. Ancient species were replaced by newly evolved species.
4. A massive die-out freed ecosystems for new species.

1. Over 95 percent of species present in older layers have disappeared in this particular layer.
2. An asteroid impact altered the geological terrain significantly.
3. All of the fossils observed were of larger sized organisms.
4. A loss of over 50 percent of species was observed.

1. Small animals stopped being hunted by dinosaurs.
2. Small animals do not depend on plants for food.
3. Small animals needed less food for survival and reproduced rapidly.
4. Small animals fed on the dead dinosaurs.

1. The total number of species in an ecosystem
2. The total number of organisms in an ecosystem
3. The total number of species divided by the area of the ecosystem
4. The total number of endangered species in an ecosystem

1. A new crop variety
2. A new drug
3. A soil nutrient
4. A new species

1. Promoting scab formation
2. Speeding healing of wounds
3. Relaxing muscle pain
4. A blood thinner

1. Diverse types of pollinators can be involved.
2. The range of usable land is extended.
3. The taste of potatoes when fried is improved.
4. Resistance to pests can be introduced if necessary.

1. Monoculture of a crop on a large surface
2. Diverse varieties of a crop surrounded by a diverse ecosystem
3. Single crop surrounded by a diverse ecosystem
4. Diverse varieties of a crop in a simple ecosystem

1. Pollination
2. Plant resistance to chemicals
3. Asexual reproduction
4. Presence of insect predators

1. Ecosystem service
2. Habitat degradation
3. Habitat restoration
4. Chemical diversity

1. Secondary compounds from microorganisms
2. Secondary compounds from viruses
3. Fully synthetic chemical compounds
4. Compounds synthesized by plants

1. Fishing cod at a rate that is greater than natural replacement
2. Converting a prairie to a farm field
3. Introduction of an invasive ornamental plant in a new ecosystem
4. Emission of greenhouse gases increasing the average temperatures of an area

1. Picking wild flowers in a meadow
2. Cutting a tree in one’s backyard
3. A farmer switching from wheat to soy crop
4. Building a dam that will flood a large plain

1. Deserts
2. Marine ecosystems
3. Islands
4. Tropical forests

1. The hikers are supposed to pay duty on imported fruit.
2. The fruit can be processed to produce illicit drugs.
3. The fruit seed could be planted and could eliminate all local species.
4. The fruit may introduce new exotic pests that threaten local plants.

1. Grizzly bears
2. Polar bears
3. Sun bears
4. Black bears

1. Birds that arrive too early may be killed by the occasional abrupt cold spell.
2. Movement northward leads to overcrowding of reproductive grounds.
3. Food competition increases with birds that do not migrate.

1. Nuclear genes
2. Chloroplast genes
3. Plasmids
4. Mitochondrial

What does the choice of using mitochondrial genes for barcoding of genes depend on:

1. The fact that suitable primers for sequencing are not available for nuclear genes
2. Whether any gene can be used
3. The rate of evolution in mitochondrial genes
4. That there is less variability between individuals of a same species than between individuals of different species

1. Desert
2. Islands
3. The tropical rain forest
4. The temperate rain forest

1. Marine biologists only
2. Marine biologists and oceanographers only
3. Marine biologists, oceanographers, and policy makers only
4. Marine biologists, oceanographers, policy makers, and representatives of the tribes

Loss of wetlands has a great impact both on the biotic and abiotic parts of an ecosystem. Wetlands provide rich habitats and act as a filter for pollution. Some loss of wetland is due to silt and invasive species clogging water flow. To restore these wetlands, it is often enough to —

1. Open new waterways.
2. Restore the water supply.
3. Reintroduce endangered animals.
4. Introduce water adapted plants.

1. Keystone species introduction
2. Bioremediation
3. Ecosystem preservation
4. Biological control

1. Red List
2. Montreal Protocol
3. International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
4. Kyoto Protocol