1. asexual
2. sexual
3. conjugation
4. inbreeding

1. parthenogenesis
2. budding
3. fragmentation
4. sexual reproduction

1. Budding is a method of asexual reproduction.
2. Fragmentation is a method of asexual reproduction.
3. Parthenogenesis is a type of sexual reproduction that produces diverse offspring.
4. Binary fission is a method of asexual reproduction.

1. regeneration
2. fragmentation
3. budding
4. the presence of suitable conditions

Which form of reproduction might be used by a sexually reproducing animal that has limited mobility?

1. fragmentation
2. budding
3. hermaphroditism
4. parthenogenesis

In sexual reproduction in mammals, gametes with either an X or Y chromosome are formed in males, whereas gametes in females have one of two possible X chromosomes. What is the nature of both male and female gametes?

1. diploid
2. haploid
3. homozygous
4. heterozygous

1. aquatic
2. forests
3. savanna
4. steppe

1. Production of many eggs increases the chance of fertilization.
2. Production of many sperm increases the chance of fertilization.
3. It results in mixing of genes and greater genetic diversity.
4. Animals that are motile carry out this process.

1. oviparity
2. viviparity
3. ovoviparity
4. ovovoparity

How are the offspring of viviparous animals different from the offspring of oviparous animals?

1. They are protected from the external environment.
2. They are produced in higher numbers.
3. They can live longer.
4. They can use nutrients better.

1. cloaca
2. spermatheca
3. uterus
4. coelom

1. spermatogenesis
2. sperm motility
3. growth of embryos
4. storing sperm and as a site for fertilization

1. scrotum
2. seminal vesicles
3. seminiferous tubules
4. prostate gland

1. the beating action of the flagellum on the oocyte
2. the force of the follicular ejection directing the oocyte into the oviduct
3. the wavelike beating of cilia lining the oviduct
4. muscular contraction of the ovaries

1. clitoris
2. labia majora
3. greater vestibular glands
4. vagina

Which structure is only related to the male urinary system, as opposed to the male reproductive system?

1. urinary bladder
2. Cowper’s gland
3. bulbourethral gland
4. urethra

How many eggs are produced as a result of one meiotic series of cell divisions?

1. one
2. two
3. three
4. four

1. activation by gonadotropin-releasing hormone
2. activation by increased hair growth
3. increase in blood volume
4. increase of secretion of testosterone

1. FSH
2. LH
3. inhibin
4. estrogen

1. GnRH
2. estrogen
3. progesterone
4. inhibin

1. testosterone
2. estrogen
3. GnRH
4. progesterone

1. estradiol and progesterone
2. progesterone and estrogen
3. FSH and LH
4. FSH and GnRH

1. fluid
2. LH
3. progesterone
4. GnRH

What characterizes the acrosomal reactions?

1. the sperm degrades the outermost layer of the egg to penetrate it
2. motility of the sperm
3. fusion of the egg and sperm
4. breakdown of the envelope covering the sperm head

1. Fertilization restores diploidy.
2. Fertilization always results in a viable embryo.
3. Fertilization merges two diploid cells into a haploid cell.
4. Fertilization precedes ovulation.

Which of the following statements about early embryonic stages is FALSE?

1. The endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm are germ layers.
2. The trophoblast is one of the germ layers.
3. The inner cell mass is a source of embryonic stem cells.
4. The blastula is often a hollow ball of cells.

1. fertilization
2. first trimester
3. second trimester
4. third trimester

1. It increases.
2. It decreases.
3. It doubles with every cell division.
4. It does not change significantly.

1. inner cell mass
2. trophoblast
3. the entire blastula
4. all of the blastomeres

1. endoderm
2. ectoderm
3. mesoderm
4. trophoblast

1. blastula → gastrula → cleavage
2. blastula → cleavage → gastrula
3. cleavage → gastrula → blastula
4. cleavage → blastula → gastrula

1. anterior-posterior
2. dorsal-ventral
3. upper-lower
4. lateral-median

1. Genetics are important in axis formation.
2. Body symmetry is independent of genes.
3. Body symmetry is determined entirely at the blastula stage.
4. Body symmetry is determined as the embryo grows in length.

1. neural tube
2. epidermis
3. mesoderm
4. neural cord

1. Many eggs must be released.
2. The uterus must be enlarged.
3. One sperm needs to penetrate one egg.
4. Secretion of pituitary FSH and LH must decrease.

1. placenta
2. endometrial lining
3. chorion
4. corpus luteum

1. oxytocin
2. estrogen
3. β-HCG
4. progesterone

1. Thinning and dilation of the cervix take place.
2. There is increased blood flow to the baby.
3. Enlargement of the uterus takes place.
4. Increased production of estrogen occurs.

1. barrier
2. hormonal implants
3. natural family planning
4. withdrawal

1. slight decrease in body temperature
2. decrease in cervical volume
3. more pliable cervical secretions
4. change in breast size

1. sexually transmitted diseases
2. obstruction of reproductive tubes
3. drug use
4. genetic factors

1. A sperm is injected into the egg externally.
2. An egg is fertilized by the sperm internally in the oviduct.
3. Eggs and sperm are combined externally and then implanted immediately.
4. Egg and sperm are combined externally and the resulting embryo is implanted.