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Review Questions
Review Questions
1.
Which of the following organisms has an open circulatory system?
- a cat
- a bee
- a human
- an earthworm
2.
What is an advantage of an open circulatory system?
- It uses less metabolic energy.
- It enables an organism to move faster.
- It is a more efficient way to move gases, nutrients, and waste around an organism’s body.
- It allows organisms to grow larger.
3.
Which of the following statements about circulatory systems is false?
- In closed circulatory systems, blood flows through vessels that are separate from the interstitial fluid of the body.
- The earthworm has a closed circulatory system.
- In an open circulatory system, hemolymph empties into the body cavity.
- Lobsters are organisms that have closed circulatory systems.
4.
Which of the following statements best defines the open circulatory system?
- In an open circulatory system, blood mixes with interstitial fluid in the hemocoel.
- In an open circulatory system, the blood is separated from the bodily interstitial fluid and contained blood vessels.
- Blood circulates unidirectionally from the heart around systemic circulatory root.
- An open circulatory system uses more energy than a closed circulatory system.
5.
A simple organism such as a jellyfish uses _____ to exchange gases and nutrients with their surrounding environment.
- blood
- diffusion
- atria
- blood vessels
6.
Fish and birds have closed circulation. They both have a systemic circulatory system, which delivers blood from the heart and out to the organs of the body. Birds differ from fish in that they have a circuit that leads through the lungs and back to the heart. What is this called?
- pulmonary circulatory circuit
- gill circulatory circuit
- pulmocutaneous circulatory circuit
- lymph circulatory circuit
7.
A student in a biology lab is attempting to reorganize some preserved animals in jars that have lost their labels. The student notices that each jar contains notes that provide information on each animal’s classification. The student labels the unknown animals A through F and enters each animal’s circulatory system characteristics in the table.
If the student wished to create a phylogeny of organisms A through F, which organism would likely be closest to the root of the phylogenetic tree?
- organism A
- organism B
- organism E
- organism F
8.
A student in a biology lab is attempting to reorganize some preserved animals in jars that have lost their labels. The student notices that each jar contains notes that provide information on each animal’s classification. The student labels the unknown animals A through F and enters each animal’s circulatory system characteristics in the following table.
The student wants to place organisms A through F along a single branch of a phylogenetic tree. In what order would the organisms most likely appear on the tree, beginning at the root and moving farther away, and why?
- The order would be F, E, C, A, B, D. The general trend in circulatory system evolution is toward increasingly closed systems.
- The order would be B, D, A, C, E, F. The general trend in circulatory system evolution is toward increasingly open systems.
- The order would be F, E, C, A, D, B. The general trend in circulatory system evolution is toward increasingly closed systems.
- The order would be F, E, C, D, B, A. The general trend in circulatory system evolution is toward increasingly open systems.
9.
Differences in human blood types show how genetic differences have evolved over time, affecting red blood cell structure. What is the basis for blood type classifications?
- It is based on antigens made of carbohydrates, specifically glycoside and N-acetylglucosamine, found on the surface of red blood cells.
- It is based on antigens made of glycolipids and glycoproteins, found on the surface of red blood cells.
- It is based on antigens made of proteins, specifically peripheral and integral proteins, found on the surface of the red blood cell.
- It is based on antigens made of lipids, specifically glycerophospholipids, found on the surface of red blood cells.
10.
If a person has blood type AB/Rh-, what antibodies relating to blood type will be found in the blood?
- A antibodies
- A antibodies and B antibodies
- Rh antibodies
- B antibodies
11.
Components found in human blood include white blood cells, red blood cells, and _______.
- platelets
- ostia
- hemolymph
- cardiomyocytes
12.
Up to four components can be derived from donated blood. One of those components is plasma. Which of the following is not a basic component of plasma?
- water
- proteins
- salts
- red blood cells
13.
Many platelets converge and stick together at a wound site, eventually forming a platelet plug, also called a fibrin clot. Platelets continue to arrive at the wound site until the plug is completely formed. Describe the feedback mechanisms taking place and predict what would likely happen if part of the platelet plug broke away before the wound was healed.
- This is a positive-feedback loop. The loop would restart if part of the platelet plug broke away, calling more platelets to the site to repair the broken plug.
- This is a negative-feedback loop. The loop would restart if part of the platelet plug broke away, calling more platelets to the site to repair the broken plug.
- This is a positive-feedback loop. The loop would not restart if part of the platelet plug broke away.
- This is a negative-feedback loop. The loop would not restart if part of the platelet plug broke away.
14.
The diagram shows a fibrin clot forming within a blood vessel.
What constituents of the blood interact to form the clot?
- red blood cells, serum, and vitamin K
- fibrin, megakaryocytes and blood proteins
- granulocytes, platelets and red blood cells
- platelets, fibrinogen, and clotting factors
15.
The diagram models the four different types of red blood cells in humans.
What is represented by the colored shapes on the surface of the cells, and what is the function of the shapes?
- The shapes represent antibodies, which identify red blood cells as either part of the body or foreign. Foreign red blood cells may be attacked by antibodies within the blood.
- The shapes represent glycolipids and glycoproteins, which identify red blood cells as either part of the body or foreign. Foreign red blood cells may be attacked by antigens within the blood.
- The shapes represent glycolipids and glycoproteins, which identify red blood cells as either part of the body or foreign. Foreign red blood cells may be attacked by antibodies within the blood.
- The shapes represent antibodies, which identify the red blood cells as either part of the body or foreign. This allows the body to neutralizes the foreign cells.
16.
Your heart is a pump that circulates blood and oxygen around your body. Which of the following statements about the circulatory system is false?
- Blood in the pulmonary veins is deoxygenated.
- Blood in the inferior vena cava is deoxygenated.
- Blood in the pulmonary artery is deoxygenated.
- Blood in the aorta is oxygenated.
17.
Which of the following statements about the heart is false?
- The mitral valve separates the left ventricle from the left atrium.
- Blood travels through the bicuspid valve to the left atrium.
- Both the aortic and the pulmonary valves are semilunar valves.
- The mitral valve is an atrioventricular valve.
18.
In a healthy heart, a heartbeat begins within an electrical signal from which part of the heart?
- bundle of His
- atrioventricular (AV) node
- sinoatrial (SA) node
- atrial diastole
19.
Describe the cardiac cycle and explain what drives it.
- The heart contracts to pump blood through the body during systole; the heart is filled with blood during diastole. An electrical charge spontaneously pulses from the SA node, causing the two atria to contract. The pulse reaches the AV node, where it pauses before spreading to the walls of the ventricles. It enters the bundle of His, then moves to the left and right bundle branches extending through the interventricular septum. Purkinje fibers conduct the impulse from the apex up the ventricular myocardium, causing the ventricles to contract. This pause allows the atria to empty their contents into the ventricles before the ventricles pump out the blood.
- The heart contracts to pump blood through the body during diastole; the heart is filled with blood during systole. An electrical charge spontaneously pulses from the SA node, causing the two atria to contract. The pulse reaches the AV node, where it pauses before spreading to the walls of the ventricles. It enters the bundle of His, then moves to the left and right bundle branches extending through the interventricular septum. Purkinje fibers conduct the impulse from the apex up the ventricular myocardium, causing the ventricles to contract. This pause allows the atria to empty their contents into the ventricles before the ventricles pump out the blood.
- The heart contracts to pump blood through the body during systole; the heart is filled with blood during diastole. An electrical charge spontaneously pulses from the AV node, causing the two atria to contract. The pulse reaches the SA node, where it pauses before spreading to the walls of the ventricles. It enters the bundle of His, then moves to the left and right bundle branches extending through the interventricular septum. Purkinje fibers conduct the impulse from the apex up the ventricular myocardium, causing the ventricles to contract. This pause allows the atria to empty their contents into the ventricles before the ventricles pump out the blood.
- The heart contracts to pump blood through the body during systole and is filled with blood during diastole. An electrical charge spontaneously pulses from the SA node, causing the two atria to contract. The pulse reaches the AV node, where it pauses before spreading to the walls of the ventricles. It enters the Purkinje fibers, then moves to the left and right bundle branches extending through the interventricular septum. The bundle of His conducts the impulse from the apex up the ventricular myocardium, causing the ventricles to contract. This pause allows the atria to empty their contents into the ventricles before the ventricles pump out the blood.
20.
Compare and contrast veins and arteries.
- Both veins and arteries have three distinct layers. Veins take blood away from the heart and arteries bring blood back to the heart.
- Both veins and arteries have three distinct layers. Arteries take blood away from the heart and veins bring blood back to the heart.
- Both veins and arteries have valves to prevent the backflow of blood. Arteries take blood away from the heart and veins bring blood back to the heart.
- Both veins and arteries have valves to prevent the backflow of blood. Veins take blood away from the heart and arteries bring blood back to the heart.
21.
The diagram shows the neural structures that control and coordinate the beating of the heart.
How would the cardiac cycle be affected if neural signals were blocked within the Purkinje fiber?
- The atria and ventricles would contract at the same time.
- The ventricles would not contract.
- The atria would contract first, followed by the ventricles.
- Only the left atrium would contract.
22.
The diagram shows the neural structures that control and coordinate the beating of the heart.
Explain fully how the cardiac cycle would be affected if the signal was blocked at the atrioventricular node and why.
- The atria would contract, but the ventricles would not, because the atrioventricular node passes signals to the Purkinje fibers, which allow the ventricles to contract.
- The ventricles would contract, but the atria would not, because the atrioventricular node passes the signal to the Purkinje fibers, which allow the ventricles to contract.
- The atria would contract, but the ventricles would not, because the atrioventricular node passes the signal to the Purkinje fibers, which allow the atria to contract.
- The ventricles would contract, but the atria would not, because the atrioventricular node passes the signal to the Purkinje fibers, which causes the atria to contract.