1. introducing recombinant DNA into an organism by any means
2. in vitro fertilization methods
3. mutagenesis
4. plant breeding techniques

1. gel electrophoresis
2. nucleic acid extraction
3. nuclear hybridization
4. polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

1. They are used to create clones.
2. They are used as vectors to insert genes into bacteria.
3. They are a functional part of binary fission.
4. They contain the circular chromosome of prokaryotic organisms.

1. chimeric molecules
2. bacteria transformed into another species
3. molecules that have been through the PCR process
4. the result of crossing over during cell reproduction

1. a gene for modifying insect DNA
2. an organic insecticide produced by bacteria

1. has a better shelf life
2. is not a variety of vine-ripened tomato in the supermarket
3. was not created to have better flavor
4. undergoes soft rot

1. generating genomic DNA fragments with restriction endonucleases
2. introducing recombinant DNA into an organism by any means
3. overexpressing proteins in E. coli
4. lysing the cells in the sample

1. Genomics is the study of entire genomes, including the complete set of genes, their nucleotide sequence and organization, and their interactions within a species and with other species.
2. Genomics is the process of finding the locations of genes on each chromosome.
3. Genomics is an illustration that lists genes and their location on a chromosome.
4. Genomics is a genetic marker, a gene or sequence on a chromosome that co-segregates (shows genetic linkage) with a specific trait.

1. a genetic marker
2. a physical map
3. linkage analysis of chromosomes
4. plasmids

1. crossing over
2. chromosome segregation
3. independent assortment
4. sister chromatids

Individual genetic maps in a given species are ________.

1. genetically similar
2. genetically identical
3. genetically dissimilar
4. not useful in species analysis

1. cytogenetic mapping
2. radiation hybrid mapping
3. RFLP mapping
4. sequence mapping

1. It is used to create a physical map.
2. It is based on the natural recombination process.
3. It involves the breaking and re-joining of DNA artificially.
4. It requires radiation hybrid mapping.

1. Labeled dideoxynucleotide
2. Unlabeled dideoxynucleotides
3. Labeled deoxynucleotides
4. Unlabeled deoxynucleotides

1. dideoxy chain termination
2. proteins, DNA, or RNA sequence alignment
3. shotgun sequencing
4. whole-exome sequencing

1. bioinformatics
2. iron industry
3. multimedia
4. the medical field

Sequencing an individual person's genome ________.

1. is currently impossible
2. will not lead to legal issues regarding discrimination and privacy
3. will not help make informed choices about medical treatment

1. generate new hybrid strains
2. improve disease resistance
3. improve yield
4. improve yield and resistance and generate hybrids

1. identification of biofuels
2. testing for multiple drug susceptibility in a population
3. use in increasing agricultural yields
4. identifying new species more rapidly and analyzing the effect of pollutants on the environment

1. determine the risks of genetic diseases for an individual’s children
2. increase transplant rejection
3. predict the career success of a person
4. produce antibodies for an antigen

1. $0.05$
2. $0.1$
3. $0.2$
4. $0.4$

1. metagenomics
2. linkage analysis
3. genomics
4. shotgun sequencing

The risks of genetic diseases for an individual’s children can be determined through ________.

1. metagenomics
2. linkage analysis
3. genomics
4. shotgun sequencing

1. the color coding of different genes
2. a protein uniquely produced in a diseased state
3. a molecule in the genome or proteome
4. a marker that is genetically inherited

1. a provisional listing of the genome of a species
2. a unique metabolite used to identify an individual
3. a method used for protein analysis
4. the complete set of metabolites related to the genetic makeup of an organism

1. a group of biomarkers
2. a protein signature
3. the result of a defect in mRNA transcription
4. the results of crossing over during cell replication

1. a protein expressed on the cell surface
2. a unique set of proteins present in a diseased state
3. the path followed by a protein after it is synthesized in the nucleus
4. the path followed by a protein in the cytoplasm

1. a genomic protein
2. a genetic defect
3. a chimeric molecule
4. a biomarker

1. genetic metabolic profile
2. metabolic signature
3. metabolome
4. metagenomics