1. The taxonomic classification system uses a hierarchical model to organize living organisms. At each sublevel, the organisms are more similar.
2. The taxonomic classification system uses a hierarchical model to organize living organisms. At each sublevel, the number of organisms increases.
3. The categories in the taxonomic classification system are organized from smaller, more specific categories to larger categories.
4. In the hierarchal model for the taxonomic classification system, from the point of origin, the groups become less specific.

1. Italicize both words. Both words are lower case.
2. Italicize both words. The first word should be capitalized. The second word should be lower case.
3. Italicize both words. Capitalize both words.
4. Underline both words. Capitalize both words.

1. There are cases where organisms used to be closely related but diverged from each other and no longer look closely related.
2. There are cases where organisms can interbreed making them look like a single species, when in fact they are not closely related at all.
3. There are cases where organisms evolved through convergence and appear closely related but are not.
4. There are cases when extremely distant taxa can recombine into a single group.

1. A phylogenetic tree relates to the passing of time because species branch off from each other at regular time intervals.
2. A phylogenetic tree is not related to the passing of time because speciation is based on geographic changes.
3. The phylogenetic tree only shows the order in which things took place.
4. A phylogenetic tree relates to the passing of time when the diagram also shows how long ago the divergence from the common ancestor occurred.

1. homologous traits
2. homoplasies
3. analogous traits
4. monophyletic groups

1. Clades vary in size depending on the number of branches.
2. All the organisms within a clade stem from a single point on the phylogenetic tree.
3. A clade shows branches that do not share a single point.
4. A clade shows groups that diverge at a different branch point.

1. describe phylogenies accurately
2. eliminate analogous traits
3. identify mutations to DNA codes
4. locate homoplasies

Two cultures of bacteria are separated by a filter that blocks the movement of cells but allows free exchange of anything smaller than a bacterial cell. On one side of the filter, a sample of penicillin-resistant cells in culture broth is added, on the second side of the tube, a culture of penicillin-sensitive cells in culture is added. After 24 hours, resistant cells appear on the side with the cells sensitive to penicillin. Which three genetic mechanisms can account for appearance of the penicillin-resistant cells?

1. a. transformation, transduction, and conjugation
2. b. transformation, transduction, and mutation
3. c. transformation, conjugation, and mutation
4. d. transduction, conjugation, and mutation