a method of persuasion that is designed to create an emotional response in the audience by connecting to their values, needs, and feelings

Students should be able to review research sources to determine if they are valid references for information. Students should review a source by considering the objectivity of their information. Examining sources typically requires students to do some research on the source itself to determine if it should be used. Students might need to determine the reputation a source has among peers in that field, consider the consistency of previously provided information or documentations (e.g., has the source been proven wrong in the past?), and/or determine if there are any affiliations between the source and parties who benefit from the source’s presenting the facts in a certain way.

As students work to determine the strength of a source, they should be aware of a source’s use of faulty reasoning to justify a position or interpretation of the facts. If sources use exaggeration beyond what data can support; emotionally loaded language to skew, dismiss, or overemphasize the findings of the data; or attempts to categorize something without considering nuance, the source is likely not presenting the facts accurately. Faulty reasoning could be intentional if the source’s goal is to benefit from a misrepresentation of facts, or it could be unintentional due to the source’s lack of understanding of how to interpret facts in a clear and valid way. In either case, students should know to look for faulty reasoning as they examine sources to use as support for their own conclusions.

an intentional and extreme exaggeration for emphasis or humorous effect (e.g., “This book weighs a ton” and “I waited for an eternity in the dentist’s office.”)

oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing