the process of translating written language into verbal sounds by applying knowledge of letter-sound relationships (Note: In reading practice, the term is used primarily to refer to word identification rather than word comprehension.)

Morphology, or the study of words, how words are formed, and the relationship between words and their parts, allows students to understand how words change in order to expand their own vocabulary and communicate effectively. In the English language, the information that a word conveys can be changed by adding other word parts to it. A word can change in meaning or function by adding these word parts. For example, the word happy changes in meaning when the prefix un- is added to create unhappy.

a method of reading instruction that helps students build understanding of sound-symbol relationships and spelling patterns

in reading, the ability of a reader to know and recognize how text works (e.g., know what a book is, print directionality, the differentiate between words and sentences, and understand that printed text conveys a message)