Knowledge and Skills Statement
Research
1. Pecjak, S., & Pirc, T. (2018). Developing summarizing skills in 4th grade students: Intervention programmed effects. International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education, 10(5), 571–581. doi:10.26822/iejee.2018541306
Summary: The purpose of the study was to determine whether summarizing skills could be developed in 4th grade primary school students. Findings indicate that teachers can increase student's ability to summarize by systematically training them to use summary skills. The study also revealed that if the learning environment does not encourage students to summarize, it will negatively impact student's reading comprehension.
2. Kletzien, S. B. (2009). Paraphrasing: an effective comprehension strategy. The Reading Teacher, 63(1), 73+. Retrieved from https://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A210594945/PROF?u=tea&sid=PROF&xid=69db1b90
Summary: Focusing on individual student's challenges, the authors look at the way students initially approach paraphrasing, and then model for students how to paraphrase by connecting reading with prior knowledge.
3. Fisk, C., & Hurst, B. (2003). Paraphrasing for comprehension. The Reading Teacher, 57(2), 182+. Retrieved from https://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A109218181/PROF?u=tea&sid=PROF&xid=5259f22e
Summary: The study acknowledges that most students think paraphrasing is copying from the source and changing a word or two. Noting that this short-circuits students' ability to fully synthesize and understand a text, the authors provide a four-step paraphrasing for comprehension strategy.