Scientific and engineering practices. The student analyzes and interprets data to derive meaning, identify features and patterns, and discover relationships or correlations to develop evidence-based arguments or evaluate designs. The student is expected to:

identifying the intended audience or reader; and

identify advantages and limitations of models such as their size, scale, properties, and materials;

analyze characteristics of multimodal and digital texts.

analyze data by identifying significant statistical features, patterns, sources of error, and limitations;

Author's purpose and craft: listening, speaking, reading, writing, and thinking using multiple texts. The student uses critical inquiry to analyze the authors' choices and how they influence and communicate meaning within a variety of texts. The student analyzes and applies author's craft purposefully in order to develop his or her own products and performances. The student is expected to:

use mathematical calculations to assess quantitative relationships in data; and

explain the author's purpose and message within a text;

evaluate experimental and engineering designs.

analyze how the use of text structure contributes to the author's purpose;

Scientific and engineering practices. The student develops evidence-based explanations and communicates findings, conclusions, and proposed solutions. The student is expected to:

analyze the author's use of print and graphic features to achieve specific purposes;

develop explanations and propose solutions supported by data and models consistent with scientific ideas, principles, and theories;

describe how the author's use of figurative language such as extended metaphor achieves specific purposes;

communicate explanations and solutions individually and collaboratively in a variety of settings and formats; and

identify and analyze the use of literary devices, including multiple points of view and irony;

engage respectfully in scientific argumentation using applied scientific explanations and empirical evidence.

analyze how the author's use of language contributes to the mood, voice, and tone; and

Scientific and engineering practices. The student knows the contributions of scientists and recognizes the importance of scientific research and innovation on society. The student is expected to:

explain the purpose of rhetorical devices such as analogy and juxtaposition and of logical fallacies such as bandwagon appeals and circular reasoning.

analyze, evaluate, and critique scientific explanations and solutions by using empirical evidence, logical reasoning, and experimental and observational testing, so as to encourage critical thinking by the student;

Composition: listening, speaking, reading, writing, and thinking using multiple texts--writing process. The student uses the writing process recursively to compose multiple texts that are legible and uses appropriate conventions. The student is expected to:

relate the impact of past and current research on scientific thought and society, including research methodology, cost-benefit analysis, and contributions of diverse scientists as related to the content; and

plan a first draft by selecting a genre appropriate for a particular topic, purpose, and audience using a range of strategies such as discussion, background reading, and personal interests;

research and explore resources such as museums, planetariums, observatories, libraries, professional organizations, private companies, online platforms, and mentors employed in a science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) field in order to investigate STEM careers.

develop drafts into a focused, structured, and coherent piece of writing by:

Science concepts. The student understands the formation of the Earth and how objects in the solar system affect Earth's systems. The student is expected to:

organizing with purposeful structure, including an introduction, transitions, coherence within and across paragraphs, and a conclusion; and

analyze how gravitational condensation of solar nebular gas and dust can lead to the accretion of planetesimals and protoplanets;

developing an engaging idea reflecting depth of thought with specific facts, details, and examples;

identify comets, asteroids, meteoroids, and planets in the solar system and describe how they affect the Earth and Earth's systems; and

revise drafts for clarity, development, organization, style, word choice, and sentence variety;

explore the historical and current hypotheses for the origin of the Moon, including the collision of Earth with a Mars-sized planetesimal.

edit drafts using standard English conventions, including:

Science concepts. The student knows the evidence for the formation and composition of Earth's atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and geosphere. The student is expected to:

complete complex sentences with subject-verb agreement and avoidance of splices, run-ons, and fragments;

describe how impact accretion, gravitational compression, radioactive decay, and cooling differentiated proto-Earth into layers;

consistent, appropriate use of verb tenses and active and passive voice;

evaluate the roles of volcanic outgassing and water-bearing comets in developing Earth's atmosphere and hydrosphere;

prepositions and prepositional phrases and their influence on subject-verb agreement;

evaluate the evidence for changes to the chemical composition of Earth's atmosphere prior to the introduction of oxygen;

pronoun-antecedent agreement;

evaluate scientific hypotheses for the origin of life through abiotic chemical processes; and

correct capitalization;

describe how the production of oxygen by photosynthesis affected the development of the atmosphere, hydrosphere, geosphere, and biosphere.

punctuation, including commas in nonrestrictive phrases and clauses, semicolons, colons, and parentheses; and

Science concepts. The student knows that rocks and fossils provide evidence for geologic chronology, biological evolution, and environmental changes. The student is expected to:

correct spelling, including commonly confused terms such as its/it's, affect/effect, there/their/they're, and to/two/too; and

describe the development of multiple radiometric dating methods and analyze their precision, reliability, and limitations in calculating the ages of igneous rocks from Earth, the Moon, and meteorites;

publish written work for appropriate audiences.