apply scientific practices to plan and conduct descriptive, comparative, and experimental investigations and use engineering practices to design solutions to problems;

the controlling idea or thesis with supporting evidence;

use appropriate safety equipment and practices during laboratory, classroom, and field investigations as outlined in Texas Education Agency-approved safety standards;

features such as references or acknowledgements; and

organizational patterns that support multiple topics, categories, and subcategories;

use appropriate tools such as gnomons; sundials; Planisphere; star charts; globe of the Earth; diffraction gratings; spectroscopes; color filters; lenses of multiple focal lengths; concave, plane, and convex mirrors; binoculars; telescopes; celestial sphere; online astronomical databases; and online access to observatories;

analyze characteristics and structures of argumentative text by:

collect quantitative data using the International System of Units (SI) and qualitative data as evidence;

organize quantitative and qualitative data using graphs, charts, spreadsheets, and computer software;

identifying the claim;

develop and use models to represent phenomena, systems, processes, or solutions to engineering problems; and

explaining how the author uses various types of evidence and consideration of alternatives to support the argument; and

distinguish between scientific hypotheses, theories, and laws.

identifying the intended audience or reader; and

Scientific and engineering practices. The student analyzes and interprets data to derive meaning, identify features and patterns, and discover relationships or correlations to develop evidence-based arguments or evaluate designs. The student is expected to:

analyze characteristics of multimodal and digital texts.

identify advantages and limitations of models such as their size, scale, properties, and materials;

Author's purpose and craft: listening, speaking, reading, writing, and thinking using multiple texts. The student uses critical inquiry to analyze the authors' choices and how they influence and communicate meaning within a variety of texts. The student analyzes and applies author's craft purposefully in order to develop his or her own products and performances. The student is expected to:

analyze data by identifying significant statistical features, patterns, sources of error, and limitations;

explain the author's purpose and message within a text;

analyze how the use of text structure contributes to the author's purpose;

use mathematical calculations to assess quantitative relationships in data; and

analyze the author's use of print and graphic features to achieve specific purposes;

evaluate experimental and engineering designs.

Scientific and engineering practices. The student develops evidence-based explanations and communicates findings, conclusions, and proposed solutions. The student is expected to:

describe how the author's use of figurative language such as metaphor and personification achieves specific purposes;

develop explanations and propose solutions supported by data and models consistent with scientific ideas, principles, and theories;

identify the use of literary devices, including subjective and objective point of view;

communicate explanations and solutions individually and collaboratively in a variety of settings and formats; and

analyze how the author's use of language contributes to mood, voice, and tone; and

engage respectfully in scientific argumentation using applied scientific explanations and empirical evidence.

explain the purpose of rhetorical devices such as direct address and rhetorical questions and logical fallacies such as loaded language and sweeping generalizations.

Scientific and engineering practices. The student knows the contributions of scientists and recognizes the importance of scientific research and innovation on society. The student is expected to:

Composition: listening, speaking, reading, writing, and thinking using multiple texts--writing process. The student uses the writing process recursively to compose multiple texts that are legible and uses appropriate conventions. The student is expected to:

analyze, evaluate, and critique scientific explanations and solutions by using empirical evidence, logical reasoning, and experimental and observational testing, so as to encourage critical thinking by the student;

plan a first draft by selecting a genre appropriate for a particular topic, purpose, and audience using a range of strategies such as discussion, background reading, and personal interests;

develop drafts into a focused, structured, and coherent piece of writing by:

relate the impact of past and current research on scientific thought and society, including research methodology, cost-benefit analysis, and contributions of diverse scientists as related to the content; and

organizing with purposeful structure, including an introduction, transitions, coherence within and across paragraphs, and a conclusion; and

research and explore resources such as museums, planetariums, observatories, libraries, professional organizations, private companies, online platforms, and mentors employed in a science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) field in order to investigate STEM careers.

Science concepts. The student understands how astronomy influenced and advanced civilizations. The student is expected to:

developing an engaging idea reflecting depth of thought with specific facts, details, and examples;

evaluate and communicate how ancient civilizations developed models of the universe using astronomical structures, instruments, and tools such as the astrolabe, gnomons, and charts and how those models influenced society, time keeping, and navigation;

revise drafts for clarity, development, organization, style, word choice, and sentence variety;

research and evaluate the contributions of scientists, including Ptolemy, Copernicus, Tycho Brahe, Kepler, Galileo, and Newton, as astronomy progressed from a geocentric model to a heliocentric model; and

edit drafts using standard English conventions, including:

describe and explain the historical origins of the perceived patterns of constellations and the role of constellations in ancient and modern navigation.

complete complex sentences with subject-verb agreement and avoidance of splices, run-ons, and fragments;

Science concepts. The student conducts and explains astronomical observations made from the point of reference of Earth. The student is expected to:

consistent, appropriate use of verb tenses;