Matter and its properties. The student knows that matter has physical properties that determine how it is described, classified, and used. The student is expected to:

classify matter by observable physical properties, including texture, flexibility, and relative temperature, and identify whether a material is a solid or liquid;

conduct a descriptive investigation to explain how physical properties can be changed through processes such as cutting, folding, sanding, melting, or freezing; and

demonstrate that small units such as building blocks can be combined or reassembled to form new objects for different purposes and explain the materials chosen based on their physical properties.

Force, motion, and energy. The student knows that forces cause changes in motion and position in everyday life. The student is expected to:

explain how objects push on each other and may change shape when they touch or collide; and

plan and conduct a descriptive investigation to demonstrate how the strength of a push and pull changes an object's motion.

Force, motion, and energy. The student knows that energy is everywhere and can be observed in everyday life. The student is expected to:

demonstrate and explain that sound is made by vibrating matter and that vibrations can be caused by a variety of means, including sound;

explain how different levels of sound are used in everyday life such as a whisper in a classroom or a fire alarm; and

design and build a device using tools and materials that uses sound to solve the problem of communicating over a distance.

Earth and space. The student knows that there are recognizable patterns in the natural world and among objects in the sky. The student is expected to:

describe the Sun as a star that provides light and heat and explain that the Moon reflects the Sun's light; and

observe objects in the sky using tools such as a telescope and compare how objects in the sky are more visible and can appear different with a tool than with an unaided eye.

investigate and describe how wind and water move soil and rock particles across the Earth's surface such as wind blowing sand into dunes on a beach or a river carrying rocks as it flows;

measure, record, and graph weather information, including temperature and precipitation; and

investigate different types of severe weather events such as a hurricane, tornado, or flood and explain that some events are more likely than others in a given region.

Earth and space. The student knows that earth materials and products made from these materials are important to everyday life. The student is expected to:

distinguish between natural and manmade resources; and

describe how human impact can be limited by making choices to conserve and properly dispose of materials such as reducing use of, reusing, or recycling paper, plastic, and metal.

describe how the physical characteristics of environments, including the amount of rainfall, support plants and animals within an ecosystem;

create and describe food chains identifying producers and consumers to demonstrate how animals depend on other living things; and

explain and demonstrate how some plants depend on other living things, wind, or water for pollination and to move their seeds around.

Organisms and environments. The student knows that organisms have structures and undergo processes that help them interact and survive within their environments. The student is expected to:

identify the roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, and seeds of plants and compare how those structures help different plants meet their basic needs for survival;

record and compare how the structures and behaviors of animals help them find and take in food, water, and air;

record and compare how being part of a group helps animals obtain food, defend themselves, and cope with changes; and

investigate and describe some of the unique life cycles of animals where young animals do not resemble their parents, including butterflies and frogs.

Scientific and engineering practices. The student asks questions, identifies problems, and plans and safely conducts classroom, laboratory, and field investigations to answer questions, explain phenomena, or design solutions using appropriate tools and models. The student is expected to:

ask questions and define problems based on observations or information from text, phenomena, models, or investigations;

use scientific practices to plan and conduct descriptive investigations and use engineering practices to design solutions to problems;

demonstrate safe practices and the use of safety equipment during classroom and field investigations as outlined in Texas Education Agency-approved safety standards;

use tools, including hand lenses; metric rulers; Celsius thermometers; wind vanes; rain gauges; graduated cylinders; beakers; digital scales; hot plates; meter sticks; magnets; notebooks; Sun, Earth, Moon system models; timing devices; materials to support observation of habitats of organisms such as terrariums, aquariums, and collecting nets; and materials to support digital data collection such as computers, tablets, and cameras, to observe, measure, test, and analyze information;

collect observations and measurements as evidence;

construct appropriate graphic organizers to collect data, including tables, bar graphs, line graphs, tree maps, concept maps, Venn diagrams, flow charts or sequence maps, and input-output tables that show cause and effect; and

develop and use models to represent phenomena, objects, and processes or design a prototype for a solution to a problem.

Scientific and engineering practices. The student analyzes and interprets data to derive meaning, identify features and patterns, and discover relationships or correlations to develop evidence-based arguments or evaluate designs. The student is expected to:

identify advantages and limitations of models such as their size, scale, properties, and materials;

analyze data by identifying any significant features, patterns, or sources of error;

use mathematical calculations to compare patterns and relationships; and

evaluate a design or object using criteria.

Scientific and engineering practices. The student develops evidence-based explanations and communicates findings, conclusions, and proposed solutions. The student is expected to:

develop explanations and propose solutions supported by data and models;

communicate explanations and solutions individually and collaboratively in a variety of settings and formats; and

listen actively to others' explanations to identify relevant evidence and engage respectfully in scientific discussion.

Scientific and engineering practices. The student knows the contributions of scientists and recognizes the importance of scientific research and innovation for society. The student is expected to:

explain how scientific discoveries and innovative solutions to problems impact science and society; and

research and explore resources such as museums, libraries, professional organizations, private companies, online platforms, and mentors employed in a science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) field to investigate STEM careers.