follow the research plan to compile data from authoritative sources in a manner that identifies the major issues and debates within the field of inquiry;

collect quantitative data using the International System of Units (SI) and qualitative data as evidence;

organize quantitative and qualitative data using bar charts, line graphs, scatter plots, data tables, labeled diagrams, and conceptual mathematical relationships;

organize information gathered from multiple sources to create a variety of graphics and forms (e.g., notes, learning logs); and

develop and use models to represent phenomena, systems, processes, or solutions to engineering problems; and

paraphrase, summarize, quote, and accurately cite all researched information according to a standard format (e.g., author, title, page number).

Research/Synthesizing Information. Students clarify research questions and evaluate and synthesize collected information. Students are expected to:

distinguish among scientific hypotheses, theories, and laws.

modify the major research question as necessary to refocus the research plan;

Scientific and engineering practices. The student analyzes and interprets data to derive meaning, identify features and patterns, and discover relationships or correlations to develop evidence-based arguments or evaluate designs. The student is expected to:

evaluate the relevance of information to the topic and determine the reliability, validity, and accuracy of sources (including Internet sources) by examining their authority and objectivity; and

identify advantages and limitations of models such as their size, scale, properties, and materials;

critique the research process at each step to implement changes as the need occurs and is identified.

analyze data by identifying significant statistical features, patterns, sources of error, and limitations;

Research/Organizing and Presenting Ideas. Students organize and present their ideas and information according to the purpose of the research and their audience. Students are expected to synthesize the research into a written or an oral presentation that:

use mathematical calculations to assess quantitative relationships in data; and

marshals evidence in support of a clear thesis statement and related claims;

evaluate experimental and engineering designs.

Scientific and engineering practices. The student develops evidence-based explanations and communicates findings, conclusions, and proposed solutions. The student is expected to:

provides an analysis for the audience that reflects a logical progression of ideas and a clearly stated point of view;

develop explanations and propose solutions supported by data and models and consistent with scientific ideas, principles, and theories;

uses graphics and illustrations to help explain concepts where appropriate;

uses a variety of evaluative tools (e.g., self-made rubrics, peer reviews, teacher and expert evaluations) to examine the quality of the research; and

communicate explanations and solutions individually and collaboratively in a variety of settings and formats; and

uses a style manual (e.g.,Modern Language Association, Chicago Manual of Style) to document sources and format written materials.

engage respectfully in scientific argumentation using applied scientific explanations and empirical evidence.

Listening and Speaking/Listening. Students will use comprehension skills to listen attentively to others in formal and informal settings. Students will continue to apply earlier standards with greater complexity. Students are expected to:

Scientific and engineering practices. The student knows the contributions of scientists and recognizes the importance of scientific research and innovation on society. The student is expected to:

listen responsively to a speaker by taking notes that summarize, synthesize, or highlight the speaker's ideas for critical reflection and by asking questions related to the content for clarification and elaboration;

analyze, evaluate, and critique scientific explanations and solutions by using empirical evidence, logical reasoning, and experimental and observational testing, so as to encourage critical thinking by the student;

follow and give complex oral instructions to perform specific tasks, answer questions, solve problems, and complete processes; and

relate the impact of past and current research on scientific thought and society, including research methodology, cost-benefit analysis, and contributions of diverse scientists as related to the content; and

evaluate the effectiveness of a speaker's main and supporting ideas.

research and explore resources such as museums, libraries, professional organizations, private companies, online platforms, and mentors employed in a science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) field in order to investigate STEM careers.

Science concepts. The student knows and applies the laws governing motion in a variety of situations. The student is expected to:

Listening and Speaking/Speaking. Students speak clearly and to the point, using the conventions of language. Students will continue to apply earlier standards with greater complexity. Students are expected to give presentations using informal, formal, and technical language effectively to meet the needs of audience, purpose, and occasion, employing eye contact, speaking rate (e.g., pauses for effect), volume, enunciation, purposeful gestures, and conventions of language to communicate ideas effectively.

analyze different types of motion by generating and interpreting position versus time, velocity versus time, and acceleration versus time using hand graphing and real-time technology such as motion detectors, photogates, or digital applications;

Listening and Speaking/Teamwork. Students work productively with others in teams. Students will continue to apply earlier standards with greater complexity. Students are expected to participate productively in teams, building on the ideas of others, contributing relevant information, developing a plan for consensus-building, and setting ground rules for decision-making.

define scalar and vector quantities related to one- and two-dimensional motion and combine vectors using both graphical vector addition and the Pythagorean theorem;

describe and analyze motion in one dimension using equations with the concepts of distance, displacement, speed, velocity, frames of reference, and acceleration;

describe and analyze acceleration in uniform circular and horizontal projectile motion in two dimensions using equations;

explain and apply the concepts of equilibrium and inertia as represented by Newton's first law of motion using relevant real-world examples such as rockets, satellites, and automobile safety devices;

calculate the effect of forces on objects, including tension, friction, normal, gravity, centripetal, and applied forces, using free body diagrams and the relationship between force and acceleration as represented by Newton's second law of motion;

illustrate and analyze the simultaneous forces between two objects as represented in Newton's third law of motion using free body diagrams and in an experimental design scenario; and

describe and calculate, using scientific notation, how the magnitude of force between two objects depends on their masses and the distance between their centers, and predict the effects on objects in linear and orbiting systems using Newton's law of universal gravitation.

Science concepts. The student knows the nature of forces in the physical world. The student is expected to:

use scientific notation and predict how the magnitude of the electric force between two objects depends on their charges and the distance between their centers using Coulomb's law;

identify and describe examples of electric and magnetic forces and fields in everyday life such as generators, motors, and transformers;

Reading/Vocabulary Development. Students understand new vocabulary and use it when reading and writing. Students are expected to:

investigate and describe conservation of charge during the processes of induction, conduction, and polarization using different materials such as electroscopes, balloons, rods, fur, silk, and Van de Graaf generators;